一、isinstance和issubclass

  isinstance(obj,cls)检查是否obj是否是类 cls 的对象

class Foo(object):
     pass

obj = Foo()

isinstance(obj, Foo)

  issubclass(sub, super)检查sub类是否是 super 类的派生类 

class Foo(object):
    pass

class Bar(Foo):
    pass

issubclass(Bar, Foo)

  

二、反射

1 什么是反射

反射的概念是由Smith在1982年首次提出的,主要是指程序可以访问、检测和修改它本身状态或行为的一种能力(自省)。这一概念的提出很快引发了计算机科学领域关于应用反射性的研究。它首先被程序语言的设计领域所采用,并在Lisp和面向对象方面取得了成绩。

2 python面向对象中的反射:通过字符串的形式操作对象相关的属性。python中的一切事物都是对象(都可以使用反射)

四个可以实现自省的函数

下列方法适用于类和对象(一切皆对象,类本身也是一个对象)

def hasattr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
     pass

def getattr(object, name, default=None): # known special case of getattr
     pass

def setattr(x, y, v): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
     pass

def delattr(x, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
     pass

 使用方法示例:

class Foo:
    f = '类的静态变量'
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def say_hi(self):
        print('hi,%s'%self.name)

obj=Foo('egon',73)

#检测是否含有某属性
print(hasattr(obj,'name'))
print(hasattr(obj,'say_hi'))

#获取属性
n=getattr(obj,'name')
print(n)
func=getattr(obj,'say_hi')
func()

print(getattr(obj,'aaaaaaaa','不存在啊')) #报错

#设置属性
setattr(obj,'sb',True)
setattr(obj,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb')
print(obj.__dict__)
print(obj.show_name(obj))

#删除属性
delattr(obj,'age')
delattr(obj,'show_name')
delattr(obj,'show_name111')#不存在,则报错

print(obj.__dict__)

 类对象示例:

class Foo(object):

    staticField = "old boy"

    def __init__(self):
        self.name = 'wupeiqi'

    def func(self):
        return 'func'

    @staticmethod
    def bar():
        return 'bar'

print getattr(Foo, 'staticField')
print getattr(Foo, 'func')
print getattr(Foo, 'bar')

 反射当做模块成员:

import sys

def s1():
    print 's1'

def s2():
    print 's2'

this_module = sys.modules[__name__]

hasattr(this_module, 's1')
getattr(this_module, 's2')

 导入其他模块,利用反射查找该模块是否存在某个方法:

""" 程序目录:
    module_test.py
    index.py """




"""当前为:module_test,py"""

def test():
    print('from the test')




"""当前文件:index.py"""

import module_test as obj

#obj.test()

print(hasattr(obj,'test'))

getattr(obj,'test')()

  

三、__str__和__repr__

改变对象的字符串显示__str__,__repr__

自定制格式化字符串__format__

format_dict={
    'nat':'{obj.name}-{obj.addr}-{obj.type}',#学校名-学校地址-学校类型
    'tna':'{obj.type}:{obj.name}:{obj.addr}',#学校类型:学校名:学校地址
    'tan':'{obj.type}/{obj.addr}/{obj.name}',#学校类型/学校地址/学校名
}
class School:
    def __init__(self,name,addr,type):
        self.name=name
        self.addr=addr
        self.type=type

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'School(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr)
    def __str__(self):
        return '(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr)

    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        # if format_spec
        if not format_spec or format_spec not in format_dict:
            format_spec='nat'
        fmt=format_dict[format_spec]
        return fmt.format(obj=self)

s1=School('北京大学','北京','嘎嘎牛逼')
print('from repr: ',repr(s1))    # repr
print('from str: ',str(s1))  # str
print(s1)   # 对象内存地址

'''
str函数或者print函数--->obj.__str__()
repr或者交互式解释器--->obj.__repr__()
如果__str__没有被定义,那么就会使用__repr__来代替输出
注意:这俩方法的返回值必须是字符串,否则抛出异常
'''
print(format(s1,'nat'))  # str
print(format(s1,'tna'))
print(format(s1,'tan'))
print(format(s1,'asfdasdffd'))



class B: def __str__(self): return 'str : class B' def __repr__(self): return 'repr : class B' b=B() print('%s'%b) print('%r'%b)

总结:

  str类似于repr的备份方案,如果有str则不使用repr,包括继承使用依然是str优先
str适用于例如: print(),print(str()), print(f'字符串{{拼接内容}}'), print('%s'%b)

  如果没有str则使用repr
repr适用于%r拼接,例如: print('%r'%b)

  

四、item系列

__getitem__\__setitem__\__delitem__class Foo:    def __init__(self,name):

        self.name=name

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        print(self.__dict__[item])

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.__dict__[key]=value
def __delitem__(self, key): print('del obj[key]时,我执行') self.__dict__.pop(key)
def __delattr__(self, item): print('del obj.key时,我执行') self.__dict__.pop(item) f1=Foo('sb')
f1['age']=18  # []使用setitem
f1['age1']=19  
del f1.age1   # '.'执行的是delattr
del f1['age']  # []执行的是delitem
f1['name']='alex'  

print(f1.__dict__)

  

五、__del__

析构方法,当对象在内存中被释放时,自动触发执行。

注:此方法一般无须定义,因为Python是一门高级语言,程序员在使用时无需关心内存的分配和释放,因为此工作都是交给Python解释器来执行,所以,析构函数的调用是由解释器在进行垃圾回收时自动触发执行的。

class Foo:
    def __del__(self):
        print('执行我啦')

f1=Foo()
del f1
print('------->')

# 输出结果
执行我啦
------->

  

六、__new__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 1
        print('in init function')
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print('in new function')
        return object.__new__(A)

a = A()
print(a.x)

单例模式示例:

class Singleton:
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
        if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
            cls._instance = object.__new__(cls)
        return cls._instance

one = Singleton()
two = Singleton()

two.a = 3
print(one.a)
# 3
# one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is检测
print(id(one))
# 29097904
print(id(two))
# 29097904
print(one == two)
# True
print(one is two)

  

七、__call__

对象后面加括号,触发执行。

注:构造方法的执行是由创建对象触发的,即:对象 = 类名() ;而对于 __call__ 方法的执行是由对象后加括号触发的,即:对象() 或者 类()()

class Foo:

    def __init__(self):
        pass

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

        print('__call__')


obj = Foo() # 执行 __init__
obj()       # 执行 __call__

# 特殊写法
    Foo()()

  

八、with和__enter__,__exit__

 with语句示例:

class A:
    def __enter__(self):
        print('before')

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        print('after')


with A() as a:
    print('123')

 with语句和__init__:

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        print('init')

    def __enter__(self):
        print('before')

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        print('after')


with A() as a:
    print('123')

 with 文件操作:

class Myfile:
    def __init__(self,path,mode='r',encoding = 'utf-8'):
        self.path = path
        self.mode = mode
        self.encoding = encoding

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode=self.mode, encoding=self.encoding)
        return self.f

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()


with Myfile('file',mode='w') as f:
    f.write('wahaha')

 with 和pickle:

import  pickle
class MyPickledump:
    def __init__(self,path):
        self.path = path

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode='ab')
        return self

    def dump(self,content):
        pickle.dump(content,self.f)

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()

class Mypickleload:
    def __init__(self,path):
        self.path = path

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode='rb')
        return self


    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()

    def load(self):
         return pickle.load(self.f)


    def loaditer(self):
        while True:
            try:
                yield  self.load()
            except EOFError:
                break



# with MyPickledump('file') as f:
#      f.dump({1,2,3,4})

with Mypickleload('file') as f:
    for item in f.loaditer():
        print(item)

 with、pickle、iter:

mport  pickle
class MyPickledump:
    def __init__(self,path):
        self.path = path

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode='ab')
        return self

    def dump(self,content):
        pickle.dump(content,self.f)

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()

class Mypickleload:
    def __init__(self,path):
        self.path = path

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode='rb')
        return self


    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()

    def __iter__(self):
        while True:
            try:
                yield  pickle.load(self.f)
            except EOFError:
                break



# with MyPickledump('file') as f:
#      f.dump({1,2,3,4})

with Mypickleload('file') as f:
    for item in f:
        print(item)

  

九、__len__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.__dict__)
a = A()
print(len(a))

  

十、__hash__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b))
a = A()
print(hash(a))

  

十一、__eq__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __eq__(self,obj):
        if  self.a == obj.a and self.b == obj.b:
            return True
a = A()
b = A()
print(a == b)

  

02-14 04:43